Technological Singularity Essay Example

Technological Singularity Essay In a guest column, Computers vs. Brains on the Opinionator of The New York Times, Sandra Aamodt and Sam Wang analyzed some of the arguments by inventor Raymond Kurzweil, one of the leading inventors of our time, in his most recent futurist manifesto: â€Å"The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology† (2005). Kurzweil estimates that machines will inevitably be able to surpass our thinking capabilities within a few decades. Kurzweils speculative reasoning has been heavily debated and challenged. In Aamodt and Wangs article they point out that there are fundamental differences between our brains and computers that makes Kurzweils predictions improbable. The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the arguments of sides, Kurzweils book and Aamodt and Wangs article. I will attempt to accomplish this by using various critical thinking methods such as defining, clarifying and explaining some of the history of the concepts and the debates involved. To understand the debate we must first clarify what is technological singularity. A technological singularity is the moment our technological development becomes so rapid that it makes the future after the singularity unpredictable. Writers on singularity, such as Raymond Kurzweil, define the concept in terms of the technological creation of super-intelligence (Kurzweil, 2005). The article points out that any comparison of the brain and computers misses the messy truth about the fundamental differences between them. The article provides various reasons why the brain is superior to computers and ways in which it is not. We will write a custom essay sample on Technological Singularity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Technological Singularity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Technological Singularity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The debate focuses on differences on energy consumption, information processing strategies and capacity, and the pros and cons of artificial versus biological between brain and computers. The brain contains many systems that have evolved through natural selection for one task then was adopted for another. It is efficient for nature to adapt an old system that to build a new one. As such, the brain is composed of the brain stem, the limbic system and the brain cortex carrying out a complex communication with each other that we have yet to decipher. Engineers however, have the advantage to start over to get it just right. A persistent problem, with not just artificial intelligence, but all machines, is the tendency of components to fail. Yet our biological neurons and synapses fail all the time, even under healthy conditions, but unlike computers, new neuron connections can form as well as break throughout a lifetime, this provides an infinite potential for new paths and brain activity. The human brain uses 12 watts, which is less than a typical refrigerator light while the memory of an artificial brain would use nearly a gigawatt, the amount currently consumed by all Washington, D. C. (Aamodt Wang, 2009). To solve this challenge Kurzweil invoked Moores Law. The law is named after Intel co-founders Gordon E. Moore, who originally described the trend in 1965. In this paper Moore noted that number the of transistors in integrated circuits had doubled every year from the invention of the integrated circuit in 1958 until 1965 and predicted that the trend would continue for at least ten years (Moore, 1965). His prediction has proved to be incredibly accurate, in part because most technology and electronic industries now use this principle to set targets for research and development (Disco Meulen, 1998). For the last four decades memory and chip capacity has doubled every one or two years (est. 2025 to 2030). The article claims that Kurzweil overlooks Moores Law power consumption per chip, which has also increased immensely since 1985 (Aamodt Wang, 2009). While this is true, it implies that electrical power consumption will continue to grow whereas electrical power and storage technologies such as batteries, fuel cells and renewable energies will remain stagnant. The problem in this logic is that history and technology advancements do not evolve at a constant pace, in fact the capabilities of many digital electronic devices and technologies like energy efficiency are also linked to Moores law. New revolutionary technologies are emerging fast to address this issue of increased electrical power generation and storage needs. An example is teams of MIT scientists that have created a synthetic, self-assembling chloroplast that can be break and reassemble repeatedly, a self-restoring solar cell. Dillow, 2010). Another example is a company called Bloom Energy, which is producing tiny fuel cell boxes called â€Å"Bloom Boxes. † Two of these can power an average U. S. home. Each device is about the size of a standard brick. Although they need to be surrounded by a larger unit that takes in an energy source, they are still about the size of a refrigerator. This alternative is already being tested by companies such as Google and eBay (Siegler, 20 10). One striking feature of brain tissue is its compactness. The memory capacity in this small volume is potentially immense. For computer capacity, to begin to approach that of a human brain, as we get closer to the physical limits of silicon and other materials used in current computing components like computer chips and memory; manufacturers would possibly need to experiment with other production techniques and materials. As humans have evolved, we have developed the ability to make fast inferences in very complex situations. We can make logical approximations and find â€Å"good enough† solutions. This type of decision-making will undoubtedly be hard to match but there are already robots accomplishing seemingly simple tasks like matching socks and playing soccer autonomously, which are actually very complicated tasks. On good example is ASIMO, which is currently the worlds most advanced humanoid robot; it is the culmination of two decades of research by Honda engineers. ASIMO can run, walk on uneven slopes and surfaces, turn smoothly, climb stairs, and reach for and grasp objects, comprehend and respond to simple voice commands. ASIMO can also have the some face recognition capability and can map its environment and register stationary objects. ASIMO can also avoid moving obstacles as it moves through its environment (Honda. com). However, we bring a large amount of background information to bear on simple tasks, allowing us to make inferences that are difficult for machines. Even the most advanced computer has trouble differentiating a dog and a cat apart, something even a toddler can do without any effort. In regards to the declaration that engineers can learn from brain strategies (Aamodt Wang, 2009), it should be noted for the purpose of clarification that researchers and engineers are constantly trying to mimic the tricks that millions of years of evolution and development have taught to biology. If engineers can recreate this tricks and shortcuts, computers that share our imperfections. This may not be exactly what we want, but it could lead to better â€Å"soft† judgment or so called â€Å"fuzzy† reasoning from computers (Aamodt Wang, 2009). What determines a computers ability to make such inferences is related to the artificial intelligence software not hardware. In addition several devices can share computing resources through wireless technologies and the implementation of cloud computing strategies. Cloud computing refers to a shift towards internet-based computing, where shared software or information are provided on demand. Why bother? The article concludes that we should no try to achieve the goal of sophisticated artificial intelligence since, human beings are already capable of fulfilling all those requirements and in order to create a new one all it akes is a fertile couple with the resources to nurture their child. Although, it will eventually be possible to design devices that imitate human behavior, we already have such an incredible device in humans. I do agree that humans have achieved an intellectual and self-awareness that seems incomprehensible at times. The article misses one of the most important argu ments of Kurzweils discussion. The functionality of the brain is computable in terms of technology that we can build in the near future. We must take into account that preliminary research is already suggesting that prolonged use of such devices is affecting the way our minds work. â€Å"The technology is rewiring our brains,† said Nora Volkow, director of the National Institute of Drug Abuse and one of the world’s leading brain scientists. Our brain is evolving, she and other researchers compare digital stimulation less to drugs and alcohol than to food and sex, which are essential but counterproductive in excess (Richtel, 2010). We must always remember that Kurzweil describes this technological singularity as resulting from three different technologies and disciplines: genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics (which includes artificial intelligence). Genetic modification is the manipulation of an organisms genetic material in a way that does not occur under natural conditions. Nanotechnology is the study of controlling matter on a molecular scale to create new materials and devices with a wide range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics and energy production. Robotics is related to electronics, mechanics, and software. Kurzweil argues we are in the process of reaching new levels of refinement in our technology that will allow us to merge biological and artificial to create higher forms of life and intelligence. The article fails to make a persuasive argument against the inevitably of the technological singularity and the reasons for not pursuing this goal. There are many reasons why people will aim to achieve this such as vanity, medical and cognitive compensation or enhancements. We must not assume that the only goal in producing such technology is to just emulate humans, but to augment and even transcend our biology, as the book title suggests. References Aamodt, S. Wang, S. (March, 2009). Guest Column: Computers vs. Brains, New York Times, Retrieved from: http://opinionator. blogs. nytimes. com/2009/03/31/guest-column-computers-vs-brains/ Dillow, C. (2010). MITs Self-Assembling Solar Cells Recycle Themselves Repeatedly, Just Like Plant Cells.

Oedipus The King Odyssey And Greek Culture English Literature Essay Essay Example

Oedipus The King Odyssey And Greek Culture English Literature Essay Essay Example Oedipus The King Odyssey And Greek Culture English Literature Essay Essay Oedipus The King Odyssey And Greek Culture English Literature Essay Essay Essay Topic: The Odyssey The Peloponnesian War Present civilization can be considered an evolved version of the Greek, Hebrew, Roman, and Mesopotamian civilizations. Whether it is through literature, authorities, or merely manner of life, there are many ways that the aforesaid civilizations have influenced the present. The Greeks created the construct of a city state, a metropolis which controls its ain authorities and is the district. The two most celebrated city states of Greece were Athens and Sparta. A modern city state would be Singapore. Washington D.C. can besides be considered a city state. D.C. is the US capital that is besides considered a province, even though it is non one of the 50 provinces. The Greeks called their city states a Polis. Polis is still used to depict a metropolis in modern times. Some illustrations would be Metropolis, Minneapolis, Indianapolis, and Annapolis. The Greeks were besides celebrated for their innovation of the democracy. Merely as we have media and leaders influence us in our vote determin ation, the Greeks besides had people to assist them decide on. Though it was nt every bit safe to roast a campaigner back so as it is now, many writers or literature figures used their work to assail authorities determinations and figures. The Romans subsequently on went on to germinate this to the following degree. Aristophanes, considered to be the Father of Comedy, wrote the book Lysistrata. Lysistrata was fundamentally an onslaught on The Peloponnesian War. Similar to protests of war in modern times, Lysistrata is fundamentally on work stoppage and gets the backup of many others ( adult females ) that lead to the peace of the work forces. This narrative was one of the first narratives of its sort, puting a adult female as a hero. The Grecian piece known as Odyssey has put an influence on several modern narratives. One of the chief narratives so happens to be a film called O Brother Where Art Thou. Even though the film is merely slackly based, there are still features in the film that put the Odyssey in modern yearss. Taking pieces of the Odyssey and utilizing it for our civilization is similar to what the Romans done with Grecian civilization, non needfully by doing it better but by interpreting it into their ain footings. The Odyssey was based in Ancient Greece and O Brother Where Art Thou was based in the 1930 s in the Deep American South. Another similarity between the Ancient Greeks and modern Americans is the fact that both states can barely remain out of a war. And with war, brings anti-war protests. Every narrative that has come out of Ancient Greece has had some tie to being in war. Another ancient piece to last was Oedipus the King, which was written by Sophocles. It is considered a calamity because of the destiny of the supporter. There seemed to be a batch of predestination in the narrative. He was told that he was supposed to get married his ain female parent and it was so. This is non so much something we would see as fortunate in modern times. He is besides predestined to kill his male parent and it besides becomes true. In both of these incidents, none of the chief characters are cognizant of the relation between one another. It is interesting to see Tiresias the blind prophesier in the narrative, being that he was besides in the Odyssey. The turns in this narrative more than probably influenced any turn in narratives in the hereafter from B.C. to now. Creon, his brother-in-law and possible uncle, informs Oedipus about the pestilence, which has to make with King Laius s liquidator neer being found. Oedipus, unaware that he is in fact the liquidator, is in indignation and curses the liquidator. While reading Oedipus the King, I began to recognize that this was like an ancient version of Maury. Laius was the male parent. He was the male parent of Oedipus, whom Oedipus slayings and so marries his female parent Queen Jocasta. With Jocasta he has two girls, which are besides his two sisters. With all the play traveling on, Jocasta commits self-destruction and blinds himself before being taken off. Sophocles influenced literature besides by making subsequences. In today s civilization, you ca nt travel anyplace without hearing about a subsequence to a film or a book coming out. Sophocles made Oedipus the King and two following narratives. Those two would be Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone. Oedipus at Colonus is fundamentally about the destiny of Oedipus after being sent off. Antigone is a narrative about one of his girls and her destiny. The narrative of Antigone looks as if it was more tragic than its old narratives because of all the self-destructions that occur in the narrative. Without the Ancient Greeks, what would literature be like now? Would at that place be any? The Greeks innovated the art of moving and dramas. Even before composing, they would state narratives through vocalizing and moving out as they pass on unwritten tradition. This ulterior developed into play and dramas when the Greeks developed a system of composing. The Greeks were by far the earliest histrions known to us. If they had non began moving, we would likely hold neer seen a Shakespeare, Broadway, and telecasting. The ancient Grecian histrions performed in theaters much similar to the 1s we would see today. The ground is that the Greeks developed the thought of and design of the bowls and theatres we see today. The Greeks were advanced at their clip, even composing a narrative of a adult male traveling to the Moon. This became true in the modern age when American astronauts, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the Moon in 1969. On top of everything else the Greeks did, their faith is a topic to many things to this twenty-four hours. Demigods, half adult male half god existences, were idolized at their clip merely as a super hero to a kid or Jesus Christ to the Christians. In some facets, Jesus can be viewed as a superman because of the fact that he is the boy of God and the Virgin Mary. Although the Greeks were beat to the thoughts of supermans by the Mesopotamians with Gilgamesh, they were still to a great extent influential to the thought. Overall, some Grecian narratives are still being refashion to this twenty-four hours. Movies and books about characters, fictional or nonfictional, are viewed by many.

Human growth and developement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human growth and developement - Essay Example 1. Development proceeds from the head downward. This is called the Cephalocaudle principle. This principle describes the direction of growth and development. According to this principle, the child gains control of the head first, then the arms, and then the legs. Infants develop control of the head and face movements within the first two months after birth. In the next few months, they are able to lift themselves up by using their arms. By 6 to 12 months of age, infants start to gain leg control and may be able to crawl, stand, or walk. Coordination of arms always precedes coordination of legs. 2. Development proceeds from the center of the body outward. This is the principle of Proximodistal development that also describes the direction of development. This means that the spinal cord develops before outer parts of the body. The child's arms develop before the hands and the hands and feet develop before the fingers and toes. Finger and toe muscles are the last to develop in physical development. 3. Development depends on maturation and learning. Maturation refers to the sequential characteristic of biological growth and development. ... Finger and toe muscles are the last to develop in physical development. 3. Development depends on maturation and learning. Maturation refers to the sequential characteristic of biological growth and development. The biological changes occur in sequential order and give children new abilities. Changes in the brain and nervous system account largely for maturation. These changes in the brain and nervous system help children to improve in thinking or cognitive and motor or physical skills. 4. Development proceeds from the simple to the more complex. Children use their cognitive and language skills to reason and solve problems. For example, learning relationships between things, or classification, is an important ability in cognitive development. The cognitive process of learning how an apple and orange are alike begins with the most simplistic or concrete thought of describing the two. Seeing no relationship, a preschool child will describe the objects according to some property of the object, such as color. Such a response would be, "An apple is red or green and an orange is orange." The first level of thinking about how objects are alike is to give a description or functional relationship between the two objects. "An apple and orange are round" and "An apple and orange are alike because you eat them" are typical responses of three, four and five year olds. As children develop further in cognitive skills, they are able to understand a higher and more complex relations hip between objects and things; that is, that an apple and orange exist in a class called fruit. The child cognitively is then capable of classification. 5. Growth and development is a continuous process. As a child develops, he or she adds to the skills already acquired and the new skills